Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an inherited disorder that causes abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) and low to moderate levels of calcium in urine (hypocalciuric). People with FHH usually do not have any symptoms and are often diagnosed by chance during routine bloodwork. Weakness, fatigue, issues with concentration, and excessive thirst (polydipsia) have been reported by some people with FHH. Rarely, people with this disorder experience inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) or a buildup of calcium in the joints (chondrocalcinosis).
FHH is mainly classified into three different types depending on the genetic cause. FHH type 1 is the most common type of FHH and is caused by changes (also known as pathogenic variants or mutations) in the CASR gene. The protein made from the CaSR gene, the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR protein), monitors and regulates the level of calcium in the blood. FHH type 2 is caused by changes in the GNA11 gene, and FHH type 3 is caused by changes in the AP2S1 gene. All three types of FHH are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. In rare cases, FHH may be caused when a person's immune system mistakenly makes antibodies that attack the CaSR protein. The autoimmune form of FHH is not known to be caused by changes in a specific gene.
Genetics - Molecular Pathology
MOLP
ADH
AP2S1
Calcium sensing receptor
CASR
FHH
GNA11
hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
4 weeks
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